Microglia (M) play a role in neuro degeneration by secreting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α). Microglial crosstalk with non-neuronal cells shapes their phenotype, either skewing it towards a pro-inflammatory (red arrows) on anti-inflammatory (green arrows) phenotype.

Adapted from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223096

Cytokine release by iPSC microglia

Cytokine release by ioMicroglia.  MSD assay was performed on supernatants collected from ioMicroglia treated with different stimuli for 24h in the presence (A) or absence (B) of the immuno-suppressant dexamethasone. Cytokine release was normalised to the no treatment condition (-dexamethasone) for each analyte. An ‘X’ indicates excluded data as cytokine being measured was used as microglia stimuli.